Introduction to Crypto Safety

Custody appears on 194 of the roughly 330 CASP authorizations on ESMA’s register; operating a trading platform appears on twenty. The industry licensed itself as broker-dealers with wallets. Annex IV Class 1/2/3 are capital floors keyed to your highest-risk service, and Article 59 requires the authorization to name each service individually. Class 3 grants nothing […]...

The BPS Financial appeal turned on representative capacity, not on whether the principal’s AFSL reached the product, so a corporate authorized representative arrangement can be validly appointed, correctly registered and still leave the representative unlicensed. Scope is an intersection of entity, service, capacity, product class, client class, conditions and relief, and a mismatch on any [...

MAS’s Financial Institutions Directory lists 3,653 entities across 48 license types as of 7 September 2026, and Digital Token Service Provider is not one of them. Fourteen months after commencement, there is no public record of a single grant. The refusal power sits in section 138(3)(f)(iii), which lets MAS decline unless it is satisfied the […]...